I think the idea that some cultures can't see blue, though a common trope, is fairly debunked.
There's the example of the Namibian tribe who don't have different words for 'blue' and 'green', but, well, can see the difference. (The Sapir-whorf hypothesis–the idea that thought is determined by language–is largely discarded in linguistics but rears its ugly head in various other disciplines).
Other things: English speakers do see 'red' and 'pink' as different colours, whereas people from some cultures who don't have separate words won't perhaps make the same differentiation. In Russian, for example,
blue and light blue have separate common names and may be seen as different colours. In Chinese, pink is called 'light red' but as far as I can tell people do see it as a different colour. There are two different common words for green in Chinese, denoting slightly different colours (Also LOL, from wikipedia: '
[...] green hats are associated with infidelity and used as an idiom for a cuckold. This has caused uneasiness for Chinese Catholic bishops, who in ecclesiastical heraldry would normally have a green hat above their arms. Chinese bishops have compromised by using a violet hat for their coat of arms. Sometimes this hat will have an indigo feather to further display their disdain for the color green.').
In Japanese, the word 'midori', meaning green, was introduced later on and both blue and green used to be covered by the word 'ao'. Nowadays 'ao' usually means blue, but there are a few peculiarities like the green traffic light, which is described as 'ao'.
Most languages develop more complex colour lexicons over time, starting with white, black, red, then blue. This is not to say that people can't see all the colours if they lack the words to describe them specifically.