Fortis said:
Is there any evidence that vaccination has led to the sort of results that we have seen with anti-biotics?
Well, there this..
"High mutation rates typical of RNA viruses often generate a unique viral population structure consisting of a large number of genetic microvariants. In the case of viral pathogens, this can result in rapid evolution of antiviral resistance or vaccine-escape mutants. We determined a direct estimate of the mutation rate of measles virus, the next likely target for global elimination following poliovirus. In a laboratory tissue culture system, we used the fluctuation test method of estimating mutation rate, which involves screening a large number of independent populations initiated by a small number of viruses each for the presence or absence of a particular single point mutation. The mutation we focused on, which can be screened for phenotypically, confers resistance to a monoclonal antibody (MAb 80-III-B2). The entire H gene of a subset of mutants was sequenced to verify that the resistance phenotype was associated with single point mutations. The epitope conferring MAb resistance was further characterized by Western blot analysis. Based on this approach, measles virus was estimated to have a mutation rate of 9 × 10−5 per base per replication and a genomic mutation rate of 1.43 per replication. The mutation rates we estimated for measles virus are comparable to recent in vitro estimates for both poliovirus and vesicular stomatitis virus. In the field, however, measles virus shows marked genetic stability. We briefly discuss the evolutionary implications of these results."
from
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=103807
and this ...
"'Super-measles' warning
Vaccination is the key to wiping out measles, says an expert
Tougher, vaccine-resistant strains of measles could sweep the world unless more children get vaccinated, says a top scientist.
Dr Claude Muller, from the National Health Laboratory in Luxembourg, told New Scientist magazine that the virus was known to have the ability to mutate rapidly.
Patchy vaccination coverage was likely to encourage the selection and survival of more resistant strains, he said.
The worldwide immunisation programme should be stepped up to knock out resistant strains before they get a foothold, he said.
There are some fears in Britain that measles could re-emerge in areas where measles vaccination uptake is poor, particularly in the inner cities.
We have a window of opportunity. We know this family of viruses mutates readily
Dr Claude Muller, National Health Laboratory, Luxembourg
Here, an outbreak would expose thousands of children to some risk of disability, or, in a very few cases, death.
Worries over the safety of the triple MMR vaccine has been partly blamed for the fall in vaccination rates.
In the first quarter of 1995, there were more than 2,600 notifications of measles in England and Wales, compared to fewer than 500 in the final quarter of 2000.
In fact, only 73 cases of measles were confirmed by laboratory tests in the whole of 2000.
A spokesman for the Public Health Laboratory Service said that vaccine-resistant strains had yet to emerge here.
He said: "Although there is some diversity of strains of measles in the UK, the range is relatively limited.
"If you get measles once here, you are unlikely to get it again."
Significant killer
However, elsewhere in the world, measles remains a significant killer of children - there are almost 1m child deaths a year as a result of the infection.
The World Health Organisation recently set a worldwide target of getting 90% of children immunised against measles virus.
With that target nowhere in sight despite almost overwhelming success in polio vaccination initiatives, the latest target - no less daunting - is to halve measles deaths by 2005.
Dr Muller's team reports that some strains of measles virus circulating in Africa appear to have acquired a considerable level of resistance to the standard measles vaccine in use in the continent.
At least half the immune system antibodies produced inresponse to the vaccine have no effect on these strains.
The scientist is urging the WHO and governments to accelerate vaccination programmes to make sure these strains do not have the chance to develop even more resistance.
"We have a window of opportunity," he said. "We know this family of viruses mutates readily."
Bjorn Melgaard, the head of vaccines at the WHO, said that the new target of halving deaths should be achievable.
"It was deliberately chosen to be feasible. But we may not be able to eradicate measles, and it might not even be worth it to try."
from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1273613.stm
and a zillion other articles. It's just scientific fact. And the BBC article proves my point that unless you go for a smallpox-style worldwide immunisation programme, the virus will eventually re-emerge somewhere like a very angry phoenix.