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Tunguska

This week's New Scientist has a feature on Tunguska, and claims that today (30th June 2008) is the Centenary. Why haven't there been any celebrations planned?
 
Long Beeb piece, recapitulates the history, then gives comment, updates

Fire in the sky: Tunguska at 100
By Paul Rincon
Science reporter, BBC News

At 7:17am on 30 June 1908, an immense explosion tore through the forest of central Siberia.

............one theory proposes that the Tunguska object was a fragment of Comet Encke. This ball of ice and dust is responsible for a meteor shower called the Beta Taurids, which cascade into Earth's atmosphere in late June and July - the time of the Tunguska event.

The absence of any crater connected with the Tunguska event has left the door open for some outlandish alternatives to the meteorite theory. A lump of anti-matter, a colliding black hole and - inevitably - an exploding alien spaceship have all been proposed as the possible source of the blast.

But in 2007, Giuseppe Longo, from the University of Bologna, Italy, and his colleagues, suggested they might have found something Leonid Kulik had missed all those years ago.

Lake Cheko does not appear on any maps of the area made before 1908; it also happens to lie North-West-West of the epicentre, on the general path taken by the impactor as it plummeted to Earth.

To Dr Longo, a radar signal from beneath the lake is suggestive of a dense object, possibly part of the Tunguska meteorite, buried about 10m down. The team plans to conduct an expedition to the area in 2009, to investigate this possibility.

"We have no positive proof it is an impact crater, we have come to this conclusion [about Lake Cheko] through the negation of other hypotheses," Dr Longo told BBC News last year.

But other researchers, including Gareth Collins and Phil Bland of Imperial College London, cast doubt on the idea Lake Cheko has anything to do with the Tunguska event.

They point to trees older than 100 years which are still standing around the rim of the lake (and, they say, should have been levelled by the impact) and the unusual shape of the lake itself, which, the researchers argue, is inconsistent with an impact origin.

Rock search

One hundred years on, the Tunguska event remains a vibrant area for study, especially in Russia. Last week, researchers gathered in Moscow for a scientific conference arranged to coincide with the anniversary.

Topics on the agenda were the continuing search for pieces of the space rock, the comet vs asteroid debate and the relationship of the event to the Beta Taurid meteor shower.

Dr Longo and colleagues presented a new tree-fall map, which they say is suggestive of two separate objects exploding in the atmosphere over Tunguska on 30 June.

The conference also heard presentations on other historic and prehistoric cosmic impacts and current strategies for tackling an asteroid headed for Earth.

An asteroid on the order of one kilometre in diameter hits the Earth roughly once every 100,000 years.

Space rocks about 10m across - roughly the size of the Tunguska object - are thought to hit our planet about once every 3,000 years.

But Mark Bailey suspects they might be more frequent than that. He has investigated another event in 1930 known as the "Brazilian Tunguska".

This little-known event was apparently caused by three large meteorites in the upper reaches of the Amazon. The fires it caused continued uninterrupted for weeks and depopulated hundreds of kilometres of jungle.

And in June 2002, US military satellites detected an explosion in the Earth's atmosphere with the energy of 12 kilotonnes of explosive. The event has been attributed to an asteroid which remained undetected as it approached our planet and plummeted through the atmosphere.

'Nuclear winter'

The international Spaceguard survey programme has been working to identify the Near-Earth Objects larger than 1km - the class of object could cause a "nuclear winter" if one were to strike the planet, possibly threatening civilisation.

Objects the size of the one that caused the Tunguska impact are too small to be seen by present-day surveys.

But there is no guarantee the next object will explode over the sea or a sparsely populated wilderness. This begs an obvious question: how prepared are we for the next one?

Dr Richard Crowther is head of the United Nations Near Earth Object (Neo) programme. He told the BBC News website: "Tunguska reminds us that these impact events have occurred in the relatively recent past.

"The surveys suggest that objects of this size are numerous enough to anticipate similar events in the relatively near future."

Many observers are concerned by what they regard as a lack of action to counter the threat posed by near-Earth asteroids.

California-based space advocacy group the Planetary Society recently awarded an Atlanta-based aerospace company $50,000 (£25,000) to design a spacecraft which could rendezvous with and track the path of the asteroid 99942 Apophis.

In 2029, this 270m-wide chunk of cosmic debris will closely approach the Earth - so close, in fact, it will be visible with the naked eye.

If this primordial behemoth passes through a precise region in space, or "keyhole", several hundred kilometres wide during this pass, it will strike Earth in 2036.

The Planetary Society initiated its tagging mission because, it says, Earth-based observations might not be sufficient to rule out an impact in 2036.

There are several technologies that could be used currently to tackle an asteroid heading on a collision course with Earth. One proposal is to use nuclear weapons to completely vapourise the object.

Another is to use a spacecraft to "push" the asteroid off course. This would involve a craft either slowing down or speeding up the object to ensure that it misses its appointment with the Earth's surface.

If, for some reason, the asteroid is not spotted in time, or the deflection mission arrives at its target too late, it might be necessary to nudge the space rock just enough so that it strikes the ocean, or a remote, thinly populated area on Earth.

Dr Crowther, who is based at the UK's Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), comments that Neos "do not recognise national boundaries".

For this reason among others, he said, it was important that any policy framework established to counter the asteroid threat "should encourage nations to work together to share data, expertise and resources to assess and mitigate the risk of a future impact".

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7470283.stm
 
Why is this in Ufology? Surley it should be in Earth Mysteries??
 
Kondoru said:
Why is this in Ufology? Surley it should be in Earth Mysteries??

Well some folks think that it was caused by an exploding spaceship (extraterrestrial obviously)
 
But its not the `only` theory.

Nor is it the liklest.

Timble, Must we see your decollage? Im trying to eat.
 
Russian scientists in bid to solve Tunguska Event
By Adrian Blomfield in Moscow
Last Updated: 1:18AM BST 02/07/2008

Russian scientists will this week attempt to solve the mystery of a giant explosion 100 years ago that turned night to day across western Europe and flattened a large swathe of Siberia.

A century after reindeer herdsmen saw a column of light that shone with the intensity of the Sun moving across the Siberian dawn sky, the Tunguska Event remains one of the modern era's most abiding scientific riddles.

From the X-Files to Indiana Jones, the makers of films and television programmes have ensured that Tunguska remains a byword for conspiracy in the imagination of science fiction buffs.

But even among serious scientists the cause of the explosion remains an enigma, a fact that has allowed the theories to multiply over the years.

The symposium in Russia has drawn together the proponents of some of the most outlandish, perhaps none more so than Yuri Lavbin.

The head of the Tunguska Space Phenomenon Fund has long blamed extraterrestrials for the explosion and in 2004 claimed to have discovered wreckage from their spacecraft.

What the aliens were up to divides Mr Lavbin's followers. The more orthodox suggest they were coming to Earth's rescue by shooting down a meteorite that would have caused far more damage if it had struck the planet.

Others maintain it was a monumental mix-up after aliens on a planet orbiting the star 61-Sygni mistakenly assumed that the 1883 eruption on Krakatoa was an attempt by earthlings to communicate with them.

They responded with a laser probe that destroyed 80 million trees in an 830 square mile radius. :shock:

The explosions that accompanied the column of blue light were so ferocious they could be heard more than 600 miles away.

Even more bizarrely, the night sky across Britain was lit up for several days by an exquisite sunset that lasted several hours and was bright enough to allow midnight games of cricket and golf across the country.

In a letter to a newspaper, one reader wrote: "I myself was aroused from sleep at 1.15am, and so strong was the light at this hour, that I could read a book by it in my chamber quite comfortably. At 1.45am the whole sky, N. and N.E., was a delicate salmon pink, and the birds began their matutinal song."

Most scientists reckon that the Tunguska explosion – 1,000 times more powerful than the atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima – was caused by a meteorite or a comet.

But because evidence of a meteorite crater or space debris has yet to be shown, the conspiracy theories continue to multiply.

Even in the mainstream scientific community different explanations have been offered. One theory aired this week suggested that the sudden expulsion of methane from the ground could have been responsible.

In Moscow, however, even that theory is given short shrift. Some attending the conference blamed Nikola Tesla, the eccentric American scientist who said he had developed a death ray – a particle beam weapon capable of moving at the speed of light. They claimed he had been testing it.

Others said that the explosion was the result of interaction between the universe's Ying and Yang elements or was a curse by the thunder god Ogdy.

"The facts collected over 100 years disprove the hypothesis of a meteorite or comet. The sooner we understand that the better," said Boris Rodionov, a physicist.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldne ... Event.html
 
Hello

I found this on the Doctor Who board, of all places...sorry if it's been posted here, if so, please delete it :)

http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/6868/56/

Aliens downed Tunguska meteorite to protect our planet from devastation, stated Russian scientist Yuriy Lavbin about the 100 year old mystery surrounding the massive Siberian explosion. He showed 10 quartz crystals that he found at the place of the meteorite’s crash. Several of the crystals have holes in between, so they can be united in a chain.

I'm not quite sure about this ;)
 
Alytha1 said:
Hello

I found this on the Doctor Who board, of all places...sorry if it's been posted here, if so, please delete it :)

http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/6868/56/

Aliens downed Tunguska meteorite to protect our planet from devastation, stated Russian scientist Yuriy Lavbin about the 100 year old mystery surrounding the massive Siberian explosion. He showed 10 quartz crystals that he found at the place of the meteorite’s crash. Several of the crystals have holes in between, so they can be united in a chain.

I'm not quite sure about this ;)

There is an excellent documentary shown very recently on one of the Discovery Channels. I've borrowed someone elses comments to save me time. Problem is that a quick google search shows there are loads of doubters who say the main scientists 'facts' are nonsense. Even so the programme was well done and entertaining even if it does turn out to be all nonsense.

http://agw.bombs-away.net/showthread.php?t=80386

The point being that in the documentary they mentioned that Tunguska was likely caused by a meteor exploding high above the ground and causing damage similar to an air burst nuclear weapon. In this documentary there is allegedly evidence that a meteor detonated over the Austrian alps and the resulting plume of rock/dust etc then rained down in a fiery fashion on the poor Sodomites (not that kind) and the Gomorrahn's.

I'd love to believe there are guardian angels or aliens or whatever other deity they may be looking after us and deflecting meteors, comets etc away or blasting them out of the sky with some sort of beam/laser/maser/phaser/photon torpedo, but I prefer to rely on the Occam's Razor principle that this sort of event is most likely to have been natural and maybe was caused by an exploding meteor.

I will now sit back and wait for the online attack of the Tunguska believers society :lol:
 
Read about this yestderday aswell, seems a bit far fetched (isn't even strong enough to determine the ho far fetched this story is stretched). The one piece of evidence that was mentioned is this so called alien crystal control panel? I never heard about that before, if they are coming clean about and want to let people believe the so called truth of it, how about of picture of this amazing device, or part thereof!

There's just never enough substantial undisputed photographic proof when you want it. :roll:
 
"The facts collected over 100 years disprove the hypothesis of a meteorite or comet. The sooner we understand that the better," said Boris Rodionov, a physicist.
Oh yeah..? ;)

Solved: riddle of Siberia's flattened forest
A century on, scientists say massive explosion was caused by comet collision
By Steve Connor, Science Editor
Friday, 26 June 2009

A massive explosion that flattened an entire forest in northern Russia over an area of 800 square miles more than a century ago was almost certainly caused by the Earth colliding with a comet, according to a study by rocket scientists in the United States.

The explosion in 1908 occurred in the sky at a remote location in Siberia near the Tunguska river. It is estimated to have been equivalent to a 20-megaton nuclear bomb, which would have decimated everything within the M25 had it occurred over London rather than a largely uninhabited region.

Tunguska has long been the subject of intense speculation, with suggested causes ranging from the release of a gigantic cloud of explosive methane gas from underground, to a collision with anti-matter particles from deep space, or even the crash of a visiting extra-terrestrial spacecraft.

One of the most likely explanations, however, had been that the Earth was hit by a piece of space rock – but a number of scientific expeditions to the area failed to find the impact crater, suggesting that if such a meteoroid had struck the Earth in 1908 it must have exploded high enough in the atmosphere to have disintegrated before reaching the ground.

Now a team of researchers studying the plumes of water vapour created by the rocket engines of the Space Shuttle believe they have found the crucial evidence in favour of another theory: a collision with the icy heart of a comet.

This would have released huge volumes of water vapour at very high altitude, creating highly reflective clouds that may explain why the sky was lit up for days after the collision, with people as far away as London saying that they could read newspapers outdoors at midnight, the scientists said.

"It's almost like putting together a 100-year-old murder mystery," said Michael Kelley professor of engineering at Cornell University in New York. "The evidence is pretty strong that the Earth was hit by a comet in 1908."

The dramatic illumination of the night sky in the day after the event on 30 June 1908 was probably caused by the formation of "noctilucent" clouds – named because they are visible at night – which are made up of ice particles formed at very high altitude and low temperatures, Professor Kelley said.

A study of exhaust plumes from the Space Shuttle have shown how noctilucent clouds can form a day after a shuttle launch and many miles from its flight path due to high-speed winds generated at this altitude, the scientists found. The exhaust plume is a model of how a comet would have created similar noctilucent clouds, they said.

The appearance of skies bright enough to read newspapers at night as far away as London – some 3,000 miles away from Tunguska – could be explained by the transport of huge volumes of water vapour arising from the comet by the high winds of the upper atmosphere where these clouds form, Professor Kelley said.

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/scien ... 20004.html
 
Well some people might suggest that you are not being suitably 'Fortean' if you don't accept the aliens saving the Earth theory, but reading the article I was struck by things such as the phrase

We also found ferrum silicate that can not be produced anywhere, except in space”, - the scientist stated.
if you google for 'ferrum silicate' you find that there is no such substance except perhaps in the guys head :roll: . Also its very difficult to imagine why any chemical could only be made in space.

If you look at the 'drawings' on the crystals made by the mystical lasar, they are simply normal striations found on any rock, particulary rock which has been subject to shock as would be the case if they had been hit by a metiorite.

Sorry if this isn't suitably alien friendly but part of the idea of being Fortean in outlook is to examine the evidence and come to logical conclusions without nessiccerily being constrained by mainstream thought.

Just my 2 pennies worth.
 
Last edited by a moderator:
My guess is that the 'ferrum silicate' allusion derives from poor translation, and that the reference was actually to something like ferric silicate or ferrous silicate.
 
EnolaGaia said:
My guess is that the 'ferrum silicate' allusion derives from poor translation, and that the reference was actually to something like ferric silicate or ferrous silicate.

Yes.. possibly, not very space chemicaly though :?

The latest documentary I saw on this showed some russian scientist surveying the bottom of the lake and supposedly showing the the lake was uniformly covered in fallen trees, suggesting that it was in fact an impact crater which had flooded. You could argue that a meterite would have had to have hit the ground to form an impact crater rather than the standard model which is an airburst type explosion from a stony meteor flattening the trees for hundreds of miles around.
 
Actually it's been proposed for a long time that it was a comet nucleus, i.e. a large lump of dirty ice that would explode in an airburst, rather than a rocky meteor. The latest sensible analysis of the data rather supports this.

Cloud clue in space blast mystery
There is new evidence in the debate regarding the 1908 Tunguska event that destroyed 80 million trees in Siberia.

Researchers say that clouds that form at the poles after shuttle launches are due to the turbulent transport of water from shuttle exhaust.

Similar clouds were visible at night long after the Tunguska event.

The Geophysical Research Letters study suggests that an icy comet, rather than a meteor, must have been responsible for the event.

The Tunguska event has generated much debate, but 100 years on it remains unclear if it was caused by a comet, an asteroid, or a meteor. What is known is that after the event, bright skies at night were noted in a number of places, particularly Britain.

'Unexpected physics'

Night-time or "noctilucent" clouds are the highest in the Earth's atmosphere, forming at an altitude up to 85km. They lead to bright night skies when they are illuminated by sunlight from beyond the horizon.

Such noctilucent clouds were noted in the polar regions by researchers after launches of space shuttles Discovery in 1997 and Endeavour in 2003.

Because the shuttle's main engine combines liquid oxygen with hydrogen, launches produce more than 300 tonnes of water that is deposited in the upper atmosphere.

However, it was unclear how a water vapour trail could spread to a 1000km size and travel more than 8000km to the poles.

Now, Michael Kelley of Cornell University and his colleagues propose that so-called "two-dimensional turbulence" is to blame.

The phenomenon arises when, instead of being able to move freely in three dimensions, fluids are constrained by, for example, a magnetic field.

As a result, they can move much more quickly in two dimensions in which they are still free to move.

The team says that the water vapour could get trapped in such a two-dimensional layer, being funnelled to the poles quickly while being spread out over vast distances.

"There is a mean transport of this material for tens of thousands of kilometres in a very short time, and there is no model that predicts that," Professor Kelley said.

"It's totally new and unexpected physics."

Having found a mechanism for the transport of water over vast distances, leading to the noctilucent clouds, the team now suggest that bright night skies after the Tunguska event could be explained by a great deal of water being released into the upper atmosphere.

That suggests the cause was a comet that shed its icy outer coating before plunging to Earth, rather than an asteroid or meteor.

"It's almost like putting together a 100-year-old murder mystery," Professor Kelley said.

Story from BBC NEWS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/s ... 119097.stm

Published: 2009/06/26 15:00:24 GMT

© BBC MMIX
 
Timble2 said:
Actually it's been proposed for a long time that it was a comet nucleus, i.e. a large lump of dirty ice that would explode in an airburst, rather than a rocky meteor. The latest sensible analysis of the data rather supports this.

Cloud clue in space blast mystery
There is new evidence in the debate regarding the 1908 Tunguska event that destroyed 80 million trees in Siberia.

Researchers say that clouds that form at the poles after shuttle launches are due to the turbulent transport of water from shuttle exhaust.
...
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/s ... 119097.stm
Yep, I already posted about that on the main Tunguska thread
http://www.forteantimes.com/forum/viewt ... 925#882925

(I avoided this thread, as it was about rather a specialised angle.

Anyhow, is it time to move Tunguska out of UFOs?)
 
Tunguska should stay put, what is it if not a flying object yet to be conclusively identified?
Has there ever been a meteorite which exploded mid-air?
How could a lump of ice or even rock have the kinetic potential to yield a blast of about 20 megatons?
Have any other meteorite impacts been accompanied by similar atmospheric phenomena, or preceded by strange columns of blue light?

I'm not 100% sold on the spaceship theory but I think a "dirty snowball" comet would have been pulled apart by the earth's gravity, and a rock would have left a crater. I'm no expert on Tesla but I think 1908 is a bit early for his charged-particle beam gizmo. As for the quartz rings, probably all that remains of some hapless Siberian in the wrong neck of the woods at the wrong time, i.e. it's jewellery.
 
Bigfoot73 said:
Has there ever been a meteorite which exploded mid-air?
How could a lump of ice or even rock have the kinetic potential to yield a blast of about 20 megatons?
Have any other meteorite impacts been accompanied by similar atmospheric phenomena, or preceded by strange columns of blue light?

I'm not 100% sold on the spaceship theory but I think a "dirty snowball" comet would have been pulled apart by the earth's gravity, and a rock would have left a crater. I'm no expert on Tesla but I think 1908 is a bit early for his charged-particle beam gizmo. As for the quartz rings, probably all that remains of some hapless Siberian in the wrong neck of the woods at the wrong time, i.e. it's jewellery.

Its very easy for a meteorite less than a meter across traveling at something around 11 Kilometers per second to have enough kinetic energy to produce a truly enormous explosion, probably equivelent to detonating several hydrogen bombs.Its estimated that one less than 100 meters across would have enough explosive power to wipe out most life on earth.

One hit Mars a couple of billion years ago and knocked the entire surface of the northern hemisphere off to a depth of 500 meters.It very nearly split the planet in two.
 
Even the title of this thread is wrong, there's nothing new about the idea that it was a spaceship that caused the Tunguska event, it's been around for years: off the cuff I can think of one SF novel, Chekhov's Journey, by Ian Watson (1983) where as spaceship causes the explosion.

I vaguely remembered that I'd read about earlier Russian stories about the event, and a quick google reveals:

Soviet engineer and science fiction writer Alexander Kazantsev in his novel Burning Island makes mention of the event as the crash site of an alien spaceship, resulting in the discovery of radium-delta, the proposed fuel of the ship. His short story A Visitor From Outer Space, written in 1946, describes the crash site and eyewitness accounts in details. In this story a nuclear-powered Martian spaceship, seeking fresh water from Lake Baikal, blows up in mid-air

Science fiction writer Stanis?aw Lem [best known novel in the west is Solaris], in his first SF novel The Astronauts (1951) (film adaptation 1960 as First Spaceship on Venus), explains the Tunguska event as the crash of an interplanetary reconnaissance vessel from a Venus civilization.

A semi-serious version of the event is offered in Monday Begins on Saturday (1964) by the Strugatsky brothers[best known in the west for Roadside Picnic which was filmed as Stalker by Tarkovsky]. In it, the explosion is caused by a spaceship of aliens from a different universe who move backwards in time relative to us. Consequently, it is of no use to search for the remains of the spaceship now, after the event, because these remains have only existed at the site before 1908

All the quotes from Wiki.

And also from Wiki, which I didn't know, but I never much cared for the Star Trek novels.

The Star Trek novel Prime Directive depicts the Tunguska incident as the result of benevolent Vulcan interference in human history, in which an anthropological survey ship deflected a meteor (that would otherwise have struck Western Europe and destroyed much of civilization) into a largely uninhabited part of the planet

A new theory, no, but short memories.....
 
Unfortunately for them their report comes just as NASA releases a great photo from the space station showing how a completely dry explosion can simply push all the moisture up from below into the NLC levels. Dont really see how it has to be a comet just coz there were NLCs
http://spaceflight1.nasa.gov/gallery/im ... 009048.jpg
 
KarlD said:
..part of the idea of being Fortean in outlook is to examine the evidence and come to logical conclusions without nessiccerily being constrained by mainstream thought.
Spot on :). Glad you've grasped it.
Timble2 said:
Even the title of this thread is wrong, there's nothing new about the idea that it was a spaceship that caused the Tunguska event, it's been around for years..
AFAIK, the first time the exploding space-ship was postulated was by Russian researcher and author Alexander Kazantsev in 1946 (don't know the name of the work itself, but Kazantsev is cited in Francis Hitching's "The World Atlas of Mysteries" published 1978.)

So no, not new.

Will merge this with the existent Tunguska thread eventually, but as suggested not long ago will leave this one alone for a while to see if it has legs in its own right.

EDIT - having re-read this, I hope it doesn't seem overly dismissive - some of us just happen to remember this stuff first time round and can easily forget that others don't - so thanks to Alytha for bringing it up. Tunguska, being a static phenomenon, is prone to long periods of inactivity* and any new input will always be gratefully accepted :).

* Cluster effect dictates that two theories come along at once, novel or not.
 
KarlD said:
Bigfoot73 said:
Has there ever been a meteorite which exploded mid-air?
How could a lump of ice or even rock have the kinetic potential to yield a blast of about 20 megatons?
Have any other meteorite impacts been accompanied by similar atmospheric phenomena, or preceded by strange columns of blue light?

I'm not 100% sold on the spaceship theory but I think a "dirty snowball" comet would have been pulled apart by the earth's gravity, and a rock would have left a crater. I'm no expert on Tesla but I think 1908 is a bit early for his charged-particle beam gizmo. As for the quartz rings, probably all that remains of some hapless Siberian in the wrong neck of the woods at the wrong time, i.e. it's jewellery.

Its very easy for a meteorite less than a meter across traveling at something around 11 Kilometers per second to have enough kinetic energy to produce a truly enormous explosion, probably equivelent to detonating several hydrogen bombs.Its estimated that one less than 100 meters across would have enough explosive power to wipe out most life on earth.

One hit Mars a couple of billion years ago and knocked the entire surface of the northern hemisphere off to a depth of 500 meters.It very nearly split the planet in two.

I was thinking about this given that this event would have reduced any postulated martians to their constituant atoms, its odd that its never mentioned by our friends who are in constant telepathic communication with Mars.It may well be why Mars isn't a particularly healthy place right now and any life there is likely to be single celled and lurking under rocks and stuff.
Then again our friends who are in constant contact with venus never seem at all concerned that its a bit warm and raining concentrated suphuric acid.

Or... perhaps our Alien friends are remarkably stoical, it only hurts when I laugh or when I probe earthlings.
 
Scientists Still At Odds On Tunguska After 100 Years
by David Burghardt

Four professors from the University of Bologna, Carlo Stanghellini, Maurizio Serrazanetti, Romano Serra, and Marco Cocchi, believe Lake Cheko was created by a meteorite impact due to its shape and tree growth in the area. The lake is elliptical (approximately 100 meters by 300 meters) rather than round, which is consistent with other lakes and swamps in the area. However, no impact ring or rim residue has been discovered at the lake, which would be noticeable had a meteorite created the lake. The native Evenki say that the lake has always been there and the name comes from the Evenki language meaning "dark waters."


Moscow, Russia (RIA Novosti) Jul 24, 2009
More than 100 years have passed since the Tunguska Meteorite Event and the mystery of its occurrence remains unsolved, but scientists have not given up on solving the riddle. This July, an international research group from Italy and the United States ventured into deepest Siberia to investigate the most likely explanations of the mysterious event, and RIA Novosti correspondent David Burghardt joined them.
On June 30, 1908, Eastern Siberia was hit by an explosion equal to 2,000 times the nuclear bomb that destroyed the Japanese city of Hiroshima in 1945, destroying 2,200 square kilometers of taiga and flattening tens of millions of trees. If this impact had occurred four hours later, the city of St. Petersburg and other nearby villages would have been wiped off the face of the earth.

Travel to epicenter
Some 15 hours after the devastating impact, the skies throughout Europe were lit up for several nights and white nights were noted in places that had never experienced such a phenomenon. Witnesses at the time in Britain, Denmark and Germany said they were able to read a newspaper in the middle of the night without using any artificial light.

It was not until the winter of 1927-1928 that the first expedition was organized to investigate reports from witnesses of the event. The expedition was led by Russian scientist Leonid Kulik, who headed for the epicenter in search for the meteorite he believed was the only possible explanation for the event.

Travel back then to such a remote area was a very expensive and grueling affair, taking first a train to Krasnoyarsk in Eastern Siberia, and then traveling north on foot for hundreds of kilometers. Kulik's first expedition 19 years after the event enlisted numerous native Evenki guides and dozens of reindeer. Kulik, like hundreds of scientists after him, found no traces of a meteorite.

Travel to the area today is much easier than in Kulik's time, taking an airplane from Moscow to Krasnoyarsk, then a small prop plane to the village of Vanavara, and finally a Russian Mi-8 cargo helicopter into the region of the epicenter.

The two-week expedition included six professors from the University of Bologna, the University of Florence, and Cornell University.

There are some 100 theories of the Tunguska Event, including some of the more bizarre ones of a UFO crash site, a WWII bomber caught in a time warp and returning to 1908, Earth crossing through a black hole, and a cloud of mosquitoes that spontaneously combusted due to heat created by flying too densely.

The first theory was created in 1908 by native Evenki tribes in Eastern Siberia who were the actual witnesses of the event. According to their legend, the fire god, Agdy, became angered and destroyed all that was living in the area. Witnesses said there were several deafening explosions and trees were heard falling thousands of miles away.

The researchers looked at two of the most probable theories: meteorite impact and volcanic gas vent explosion. The scientific expedition was divided into two camps, one at Lake Cheko, where they were researching the meteorite theory, and the other at Kulik's Cabin near the epicenter (some 10 kilometers from the first group), where they were researching geological explanations for the blast.

METEORITE IMPACT THEORY (Lake Cheko)
Of the hundreds of expeditions into the epicenter or impact area, not one has found any evidence that a meteorite struck the Earth's surface. Pieces of a meteorite have never been discovered and no crater has been confirmed anywhere in the area.

Four professors from the University of Bologna, Carlo Stanghellini, Maurizio Serrazanetti, Romano Serra, and Marco Cocchi, believe Lake Cheko was created by a meteorite impact due to its shape and tree growth in the area. The lake is elliptical (approximately 100 meters by 300 meters) rather than round, which is consistent with other lakes and swamps in the area.

However, no impact ring or rim residue has been discovered at the lake, which would be noticeable had a meteorite created the lake. The native Evenki say that the lake has always been there and the name comes from the Evenki language meaning "dark waters."

Professors Stanghellini and Serrazanetti focused their research on the lake bottom using both technical and not so technical equipment, including a magnetometer, radar, underwater camera and grappling hooks.

The scientists used a magnetometer to locate magnetic elements on the floor of the lake such as iron or other metallic elements, which would indicate that a meteorite or its fragments were on the bottom. Stanghellini described a magnetometer as a sophisticated compass that will show peaks on a monitor if it finds something metal.

He said that just like a regular compass, if you set a piece of metal near it, the arrow will point to the metal piece and not to the magnetic North. Because of the magnetometer's sensitivity, the scientists did their research on an inflatable rubber raft using wooden oars so as not spike the instrument. Before the process, they flagged

the entire lake in 10-meter swaths. They discovered a small anomaly in the center of the lake on one of the passes and said they would study the data more thoroughly on their return to Italy. On the following day, however, the magnetic anomaly was not detected on the screen and the scientists did not collect any other substantial evidence to support their theory that there are meteorite fragments on the bottom of the lake.

They also conducted radar soundings and underwater filming, but again came up with no substantial evidence.

Grappling hooks were dragged along the lake bottom to recover debris. They recovered mostly small branches and roots, which may or may not have been from 1908. The scientists said that the debris could have been under a thick layer of silt that would have preserved the debris, though they may have been recently deposited by the stream flowing into the lake. These samples were packed and sent to the university to define their age and find any proof of impact damage to them.

Stanghellini said further research of the lake's bottom was necessary, especially in drilling a core sample beneath the lake, though this would require international support and financing.

On shore, professors Serra and Cocchi cut down several trees and collected slabs as well as core samples of trees that survived the 1908 event, trees that were destroyed after the event and younger trees that appeared after the event. Samples were taken on the North and South side of Lake Cheko.

According to their preliminary studies, the samples showed that the trees had tight rings prior to the 1908 event, which means the trees grew very slowly due to competition with other trees and were growing densely together. Serra said that in 1908, the trees show scars with resin deposits (pitch) and then a very slow growth rate for two years due to shock. After 1910, the trees show much wider rings, which indicate there was less competition with other trees, more sunlight and nutrients.

He also said that the coniferous trees in the area should be associated with trees from the taiga and not lakeside forests, where there is usually heavy underbrush. Serra said that tree samples taken 4-50 meters from the lake are similar in growth patters of trees 2-3 kilometers away from the lake prior to 1908, indicating that all of the trees are native to a taiga environment and not a lake.

He added that a significant growth change occurred in the trees located by the lake after 1908; whereas, those trees kilometers away from the lake continued to have tight rings due to slow growth and competition.

Serra noted that the survivor trees were much smaller during the 1908 event, meaning that they were bent over or twisted during the impact. All of the large trees, on the other hand, were uprooted. He said this is similar to what happens to trees during a hurricane. He also noted that the tree samples taken near Lake Cheko were similar to those taken after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor meltdown site in Ukraine in 1986.

Evidence collected in previous expeditions by Serra showed that tree limbs from 1908 contained deposits of magnesium, titanium, sulfurs, and several undefined elements, which would support the theories of a meteorite or even volcanic activity.

All four of the Italian researchers at Lake Cheko believe the lake was created by one of three impacts in 1908: the first exploded in the atmosphere, the second struck the ground, creating Lake Cheko and changing the direction of the creek, and the third struck the ground further North at the epicenter, presumably creating several deep bogs. They agreed that the meteorite that created the lake would have been 1-5 meters in diameter and the tree growth around the lake proved that it was created in 1908.

Cocchi did much research on an old creek bed that the scientists assume was cut off or rerouted after the 1908 event. Difficulties in researching the creek bed arise due to the fact that 20 centimeters under the surface there is permafrost that cannot be dug up. Drilling the creek bed is also planned to get a core sample in order to estimate when the creek changed its course and began flowing into the lake after it was created by the meteorite, according to the scientists.

VOLCANIC GAS VENT EXPLOSION THEORY (Tunguska Epicenter)
Jason Phipps Morgan, a geophysicist from Cornell University, and Paola Vanucchi, a geologist and geophysicist from the University of Florence, believe that the 1908 event was the result of a gas vent explosion created from the center of the earth. They did much investigation around the epicenter, especially what is called John's Rock, which is a 10-12 ton rock formation that is free-standing.

According to Morgan, this rock was actually "burped up" when the gas vent exploded, pushing the rock to the surface through a funnel. Morgan named the still unconfirmed funnel after his colleague, Paola's Funnel. He noted that this rock is the only one of its kind in the area and is definitely of volcanic nature. The scientists collected some 30 kilograms of rock samples, especially quartz and quartzite, from and around John's Rock, in search of shocked quartz, which would indicate that there was volcanic activity in the area.

Vanucchi said that some of the rock samples showed traces of being shocked, or fractured, and further research on the samples would be completed in both Italy and the United States. She also said that they believe they have found the main vent of the volcanic gas explosion very near to John's Rock.

The researchers revealed that the Russian geological mineral map they were supplied with was incorrect in many places in regard to the elements found in the area, as well as to the depth of some of the quartz deposits. Vanucchi said that they had started updating the existing map, but further research would be needed to perfect it.

The scientists were also interested in Churgym Waterfall which showed one of the largest samples of volcanic basalt in the world, indicating millions of years of volcanic activity in the area. There was a constant flow of lava, which is visible in layers around the falls and stream. Only some 30 meters of the basalt is above the surface, which is visible due to erosion by the stream and there is no estimate of how deep the volcanic rock extends beneath the earth.

Morgan said the amount of basalt in the area is so great that it proves the existence of constant volcanic activity for millions of years. Samples from the waterfall area were also taken for comparison with those from the John's Rock location. Though lava has ceased to reach the surface, lava vents still exist and can build up pressure and blow, thus creating a blast like that in the epicenter.

COMET THEORY
One of the most commonly acceptable theories today is that of a comet or a piece from the tail of a comet hitting the Earth's surface. Upon returning to Moscow, RIA Novosti spoke with two Russian scientists on the comet theory.

Vitaly Romeiko, the director of the Department of Astrophysics at Zvenigorod Observatory, said in an interview in Moscow that the 1908 event was caused by a fragment of the Encke Comet's tail that entered the Earth's atmosphere as a ball of ice with small interplanetary fragments (dust particles) and, upon entrance, exploded due to the negative ions in the comet and the positive ions found on Earth. He pointed out that the Encke Comet also revolves around the sun and comes near Earth every 3.3 years.

Romeiko has participated in 23 expeditions into the Tunguska region.

Olga Gladysheva, a senior fellow at the A.F. Ioffe Physics and Technical Institute in St. Petersburg, supported Romeiko's theory in a separate interview with RIA Novosti, adding that the part of the comet's tail separated and created a giant ice ball that was created in a vacuum, and, therefore, made several explosions as the particles inside expanded and the ball disintegrated.

The Russian scientists base their theory on the fact on the absence of any meteorite material in the area, no rock fragments, or no impact areas that would create a crater.

Gladysheva said part of the comet's tail entered the Earth's ionosphere at more than 80 kilometers above ground, which is an intense area of atmospheric electricity. She said a major blast occurred over the epicenter at an altitude of 7-10 kilometers above the Earth's surface. The significance of the blast was due to the overly charged ions and differences in the positive and negative poles in the comet and Earth.

Romeiko said the ice ball that formed around the comet's dust particles before striking Earth would explain the absence of a crater or meteorite particles. The particles from the comet would be very minute and could most likely be found in the lower layers of peat moss in the area, which is frozen in permafrost.

101 YEARS OF AN UNSOLVED MYSTERY
In separate conversations with the researchers during the expedition into the Tunguska epicenter, they all shared the same idea that the mystery will never be solved because scientists with their own theories and hypotheses will never agree on one single explanation. In regard to this, Romeiko said: "No one will back down on a theory that he has defended his entire life because that would mean failure."

Although the researchers returned without any substantial explanations for the event, they plan on returning to Tunguska to continue their research and prove their theories. Serra said there would be interest in the Tunguska Event far into the future, because the best scientists from around the world have been there and no one has come up with an explanation, which scientists simply cannot accept.

When the Italian and American research group left the epicenter, a new group of Russian "scientists" arrived. One of the group members said that she had worked with a psychic to identify which swamp a UFO had collided into in 1908.

Upon returning to the town of Vanavara, some 65 kilometers to the South of the epicenter, the Tunguska Reserve director, Ludmila Logunova, said that they know where the meteorite is located, but if they reveal its location, people would stop visiting the region.


Source: RIA Novosti
 
Have scientists finally found fragments of the meteorite which set off the mysterious 1908 Tunguska catastrophe?

(or have they found a rock at the bottom of a lake?)

Italian scientists claim to have found chunks of a meteorite which might have caused the blast - from seismic and magnetic scans of nearby Lake Cheko.
Lake Cheko, they claim is an impact crater for the blast - which devastated nearly 1,000 square miles of forest and was detected hundreds of miles away.

'We report here results from a magnetic and seismic reflection study of a small lake, Lake Cheko, located about 8 km NW of the inferred explosion epicenter, that was proposed to be an impact crater left by a fragment of the Tunguska Cosmic Body,' say the researchers, from the University of Bologna in a paper published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems.

They claim to have detected a stony fragment in the lake that could be a remnant of the meteorite that caused the explosion.
Seismic reflection and magnetic data revealed an anomaly close to the lake center, about 30ft below the lake floor; this anomaly is compatible with the presence of a buried stony object and supports the impact crater origin for Lake Cheko.'

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/ ... z1vZhY69BD
 
So what happened to the old idea that the object exploded while still airborne ?
This report is suggesting it has been found intact under it's impact crater - Lake Cheko - they can't have it both ways.
Besides which if Lake Cheko was only formed in 1908 shouldn't there be some pretty 'ing obvious indication that it was of recent and rather exotic origin ?
 
The Italian researchers (Longo, etc.) have been promoting the notion of Lake Cheko as an impact feature for some years now.

They've surveyed the lake multiple times, and references to their results can be found in earlier posts.

They've never disputed the idea of an atmospheric break-up, and they've never claimed that anything more than a fragment of the original incoming impactor might have formed Lake Cheko.

One of the reasons they focused on Lake Cheko is that the lake didn't appear on any maps until after the Tunguska event.
 
However, no impact ring or rim residue has been discovered at the lake, which would be noticeable had a meteorite created the lake. The native Evenki say that the lake has always been there and the name comes from the Evenki language meaning "dark waters."

From Ramon's post above.

They claim to have detected a stony fragment in the lake that could be a remnant of the meteorite that caused the explosion.

Pics and lab results needed, and some geophysics imaging of the big bit would be nice too.
 
That remnant may be from a much earlier impact and not Tunguska, if it is true that the lake has been there for a long time.
 
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